What is Arc Blow in Welding

Arc Blow in Welding refers to the phenomenon in which the arc does not trace the shortest path between the electrode and the workpiece.  The arc gets deflected away from the desired path.  This is due to the interaction of the magnetic field of the welding current with residual magnetic field which may be present in the metal.

Arc Blow occurs only in DC welding.  In AC welding, since the current and the magnetic field of the arc reverse direction many times a second, there is no net deflection of the arc.

What is meant by Stacking Factor of the Core in Electric Machines ?

The Stacking factor of the core refers to the thickness of the laminations in the core.  In Electric Machines, particularly AC machines, the core of the machine is made of a number of laminated steel sheets.  This is to prevent losses due to eddy current.


The stacking factor depends on the thickness of the lamination of the steel sheets which comprise the core.

The stacking factor is usually 0.9.  The stacking factor is always less than 1.

The Net Area of the core which forms the magnetic path can be calculated from the gross area by the following relation

The Net Area of the Core = Stacking factor x Gross Area of the Core

Why is the LV winding of the Transformer placed near the core in core type Transformers ?

In core type transformers, The LV winding of the Transformer is placed near the core in order to reduce the cost of insulation and the size of the Transformer.  If the HV winding of the Transformer is placed near the core, the insulation would have to be thicker leading to higher cost.

Placing the HV winding after the LV winding enables a much lesser thickness of insulation for the HV winding.

In Shell type transformers, the winding is interleaved.  That is, the LV and the HV windings are placed alternately to reduce the leakage flux.

ROHS Compliance

The RoHS is the Restriction on the use of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment.  

This is an official directive by the European Union.   The RoHS bans any electrial or electronic equipment which contains more than the stipulated levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and PBDE (Polybrominated diphenyl ether) flame retardants. 

related resources

http://www.rohsguide.com

Transient Voltage Supression Diode

A Transient voltage suppression diode  is a diode which is used to protect a circuit against spikes and transient overvoltages.

Spikes can be caused due to switching, lightning strikes and faults in the circuit.  A spike lasts for a small period of time of the order of microseconds.  However, the energy dissipated in a spike is such that it can damage components in a circuit.  

Hence,it is necessary to protect spikes from reaching the components by shunting through a transient voltage suppression diode.  A transient voltage suppression diode is connected in the reverse bias.  With the anode to the negative and the cathode to the positive.

During normal supply voltage, the transient voltage suppression diode is in the non-conducting state.  

When the voltage rises and exceeds the breakdown voltage of the diode, it starts conducting and the surge is diverted before reaching the component.  TVS Diodes can be connected with the anodes facing each other to provide bidirectional protection

When the surge subsides and the voltage returns to normal, the Transient voltage suppression diode comes back to its non-conducting state.

The Transient Voltage Suppression diode has a VI characteristic which is similar to the zener diode.  However, the zener is designed to regulate the voltage while the Transient voltage suppression diode is used to protect against overvoltage.

Gallium Arsenide - Semiconductor, An Overview

Gallium is a compound which is used as a semiconductor.  It is a combination of the elements gallium and arsenic.  Gallium is an extremely rare element.

Gallium Arsenide is used widely in the manufacturer of diodes, Field Effect Transistors and in the manufacture

Gallium Arsenide is used for fast switching applications and for components functioning at ultra high radio frequencies.

Gallium Arsenide is used in optical communication system and is used in LEDs.

Panasonic Launches new Pin Sized Battery

Panasonic has launched a new pin sized battery aimed at the wearable gadget market. Wearable gadgets such as smart watches need more and more power from smaller and smaller sized batteries.

The pin sized battery is 20 mm long with a diameter of 3.5mm. It is about 20 times smaller than an AAA battery. The battery weighs just 0.6 grams and has a voltage of 3.75 volts. It has a capacity of 13 mAh. The battery which is rechargeable is called the CG-320.

Panasonic says that mass production and shipping will begin by February 2015 with an initial output of a hundred thousand units.

 Check out
http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2014/10/en141003-2/en141003-2.html